Critical Observer

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<span style="background-color: white;">In the realm of avian research, the chicks with the glow-in-the-dark beaks and feet might one day rock the poultry world. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">British scientists say they have genetically modified chickens in a bid to block bird flu and that early experiments show promise for fighting off the disease that has devastated the U.S. poultry and egg industries.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Their research, which has been backed by the UK government and top chicken companies, could potentially prevent repeats of this year's wipeout: 48 million chickens and turkeys killed because of the disease since December in the United States alone.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">But these promising chickens - injected with a fluorescent protein to distinguish them from normal birds in experiments - won't likely gatecrash their way into poultry production any time soon. Health regulators around the world have yet to approve any animals bred as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for use in food because of long-standing safety and environmental concerns.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Bird flu has become a global concern among researchers over the past decade because of its threat to poultry and human health, and UK researchers have been toiling in genetic engineering for years to control its spread.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">People who are in close contact with infected poultry are most at risk for flu infections, and scientists are concerned about the risk for a human pandemic if the virus infects someone and then mutates. No humans have been infected in the latest U.S. outbreak, but there have been cases in Asia in recent years.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">"The public is obviously aware of these outbreaks when they're reported and wondering why there's not more done to control it," said Laurence Tiley, a senior lecturer in molecular virology at the University of Cambridge, who is involved in the experiments.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Scientists argue that GMO livestock could help control diseases and feed the world's growing population. But if salmon's arduous swim to approval is anything to go by, their breakthroughs will be slow to come to market.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been reviewing a type of GMO salmon for the past 20 years, even though the agency deemed it safe for humans in 2010. Developed by AquaBounty Technologies Inc, it was engineered to grow faster than normal.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Consumer activists have pushed back hard against GMO animals for food, arguing that GMO crops, already widely used and marketed, contribute to health and environmental problems.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">FOOLING THE VIRUS</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">At Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh's Roslin Institute, scientists are using genetic engineering to try to control bird flu in two ways: by blocking initial infections in egg-laying chickens and preventing birds from transmitting the virus if they become infected.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Two of the world's biggest chicken breeders, Germany's EW Group and Arkansas-based Cobb-Vantress, have funded parts of the research, though they too harbor significant reservations about GMO breeding.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">EW Group is interested in research to learn more about how chickens respond to flu, said Jim McKay, group director for science and technology. However, the company has a policy against breeding GMO animals and feels consumers are not ready to accept them in the food chain.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Cobb-Vantress, owned by top U.S. chicken company Tyson Foods Inc, has stopped supporting research into GMO chickens "at this time" because there is no approved commercial use, said Mitch Abrahamsen, vice president of research and development.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">To genetically engineer chickens, the UK researchers inject a "decoy" gene into a cluster of cells on the yolk of a newly laid egg. The egg will hatch into a chick containing the decoy gene, which it will be able to pass on to its offspring.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The decoy gene is injected into the chicken chromosome alongside the fluorescent protein that makes the birds glow under ultraviolet light, similar to glow-in-the-dark posters in college dorm rooms. The birds would not be bred to glow if they are commercialized.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">When the modified birds come into contact with the flu, their genetic code is designed to trick the virus into copying the decoy and to inhibit the virus' ability to reproduce itself.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">In one study with a form of decoy, scientists put 16 infected conventional chickens in contact with a mixture of 16 normal and 16 GMO chickens that contained a decoy. The GMO birds were found to be less susceptible and succumbed to infection more slowly than the conventional birds, said Tiley.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">FARMER PROTECTIONS</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">A more flu-resistant bird could be a notable advance from the basic steps that farmers now rely on to avoid infections in barns, including banning visitors and disinfecting vehicle wheels. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Wild ducks, which can carry the virus, are thought to have spread the disease in the United States by dropping contaminated feces and feathers on farms. Humans can then transport the disease on their boots and trucks.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The first GMO animal, a mouse, was produced in the 1980s for research purposes, according to the U.S. FDA. In 2009, the agency approved an anticoagulant derived from a GMO goat.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">The FDA said "there are many reasons for producing" GMO animals and that it could not provide a timeline for a decision on the GMO salmon. The British researchers have not asked the agency to review the GMO chickens.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">"We've got enough positive results to make us think it's worth taking it further," said Helen Sang, who took part in the flu experiments and is the Roslin Institute's personal chair in vertebrate molecular development.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">"The benefit could be enormous."</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">From: FOX News</span></div>
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<i style="background-color: #e69138;"><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Comment: That's the problem with all this GMO technology.. The benefit "could" be enormous. However, this is never the case. And biotech giants like Monsanto, don't even serve their own GMO products in their employee cafeterias, which are actually completely organic.</span></b></i></div>

GMO chickens shed light on bird flu fight

In the realm of avian research, the chicks with the glow-in-the-dark beaks and feet might one day rock the poultry world. British s...

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GENEVA, N.Y. — Every spring, a host of unwelcome visitors descends on the Hansen farm in upstate New York. Diamondback moths blown in from the South threaten rows of cabbages to be sold for slaw and sauerkraut.<br />
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The moths can’t be fought off with a single insecticide. Workers must spray a series of chemicals throughout the growing season to keep the moths’ numbers in check.<br />
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“You have to rotate what chemical you use so you don’t get a buildup in resistance,” said Ed Hansen Jr., whose family has farmed the land for nearly a century. This adaptability, he said, makes the moths one of the worst pests to deal with each season.<br />
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At a university laboratory down the road, scientists are hoping to substitute sex for sprays. They have genetically modified thousands of diamondback moths, infusing them with DNA designed to kill female larvae. In August, the researchers began introducing the altered moths into outdoor cages in a field, where their mating habits will be monitored.<br />
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A female Aedes aegypti mosquito at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. Only the females bite, which is how diseases like dengue are transmitted.A Mosquito Solution (More Mosquitoes) Raises Heat in Florida KeysFEB. 19, 2015<br />
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Concerns Raised about Genetically Engineered MosquitoesOCT. 30, 2011<br />
If the results are promising, the transgenic moths will be released into a small cabbage patch next summer. It would be the first experimental release on American soil of insects genetically engineered to self-destruct.<br />
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A plan to let similar transgenic mosquitoes loose in Key West, Fla., has met with strong opposition amid fears about being bitten. But federal regulators seem to have few worries about the safety of the moth experiments.<br />
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“Our goal as a community is to reduce the amount of pesticides used in agriculture,” said Anthony Shelton, the entomologist running the experiments at the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. “Why not use genetics to accomplish this?”<br />
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An invasive species, the diamondback moth was once a minor nuisance. It became an agricultural headache in the late 1940s as chemical pesticide use exploded. The moth, the first crop pest to evolve resistance to DDT, multiplied as feebler competitors died off.<br />
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Today, the pest is found where kale, broccoli, Chinese cabbage and other cabbage cousins grow. Hungry caterpillars that hatch from eggs laid on the plants cost farmers an estimated $5 billion a year worldwide. And the diamondback moth continues to adapt to new generations of pesticides. In Malaysia, it is immune to all synthetic sprays.<br />
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In the 1990s, scientists searching for alternatives to pesticides bombarded diamondback moths with gamma rays to sterilize them. This tactic had eradicated from the United States a parasitic fly larva called the screwworm; for decades, hordes of radiation-sterilized male flies were released in the wild, outcompeting fertile males and reducing the population.<br />
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But the diamondback resisted even radiation. So Oxitec, the British biotechnology company working with Dr. Shelton, found another way to sabotage diamondback reproduction. The company, an Oxford University spinoff, stitched together scraps of DNA from a virus and a bacterium to make a gene deadly to female insects.<br />
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A female larva harboring the gene is dependent on regular feedings of the antibiotic tetracycline to survive. Out in the wild, she dies long before reaching adulthood.<br />
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In a study published in BMC Biology in July, male moths carrying the gene wiped out communities of normal moths living in small cages. Females mating with transgenic males had as many offspring as those coupling with unaltered males, but the female offspring died before being able to reproduce.<br />
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Only some of the male offspring inherited the synthetic gene, which tends to disappear after a few generations. So thinning the moth population required multiple waves of assault by fresh males bred in the lab.<br />
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Dr. Shelton’s outdoor cages, also stocked with wild moths, will test how well the genetically engineered males compete in a bigger arena. The release next summer into the field would take the technology one step closer to being used on farms.<br />
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The strategy has drawn criticism. Groups opposed to the use of genetically modified organisms worry that the protein made by the synthetic gene could harm wildlife that eat the moths.<br />
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“We would argue that more information should be collected,” said Helen Wallace, the director of GeneWatch U.K.<br />
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Haydn Parry, the chief executive of Oxitec, says the company addressed this concern and others in data submitted to the Department of Agriculture.<br />
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“We fed the protein to mosquitoes, fish, beetles, spiders and parasitoids,” he said. “It’s nontoxic.”<br />
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After weighing the evidence, the department decided the planned experiments would have no significant effect on the environment.<br />
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A public letter signed in June by the Northeast Organic Farming Association of New York protested any outdoor trials. The association cautioned that escaping moths could contaminate nearby farms and endanger their organic certification.<br />
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Yet studies suggest the likelihood of diamondback moths straying is low. Wild moths released into the open tend to stay put as long as they have food and company. Any that do venture farther afield are likely to be wiped out by New York’s cold winter.<br />
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Even if strays are found, legal experts say that national organic standards penalize only the deliberate use of a genetically modified organism.<br />
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“If these moths came across into an organic field inadvertently, that would not be a problem for the farmer,” said Susan Schneider, a professor who specializes in agriculture and food law at the University of Arkansas School of Law.<br />
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Insects that do wander into other fields can be identified by their red glow under ultraviolet light — caused by another gene inserted into their DNA, this one from coral.<br />
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Even if the moths in Dr. Shelton’s experiments pass muster, there is still no guarantee that farmers will use them.<br />
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“At the end of the day, the technology may not go forward for commercial reasons,” said Mark Benedict, an entomologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<br />
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Other weapons developed for combating diamondbacks — larva-eating wasps, for instance — have struggled to compete with cheap chemical pesticides.<br />
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“What almost always happens is the pesticides take precedent,” said Michael Furlong, an entomologist at the University of Queensland. “The growers can’t resist spraying, as it’s the easiest thing to do.”<br />
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As for Mr. Hansen, he says he has not ruled out using the genetically engineered moths one day in the continuing battle to save his cabbages.<br />
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“I’m glad they’re doing these experiments,” he said. “But it’s really early days.”<br />
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By DEVIN POWELL of The New York Times

GENETICALLY MODIFIED INSECTS USED AS PESTICIDE

GENEVA, N.Y. — Every spring, a host of unwelcome visitors descends on the Hansen farm in upstate New York. Diamondback moths blown in fro...

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