Critical Observer

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The Taliban had all but eradicated the opium growers before the US invasion. So why is cheap Afghani heroin flooding into the United States?</h2>
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<strong style="font-size: large; line-height: 19.2px;"><span class="style2">1998 Unocal Statement:</span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://www.unocal.com/uclnews/98news/082198.htm" style="color: #880088; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 19.2px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Suspension of activities related to proposed</strong></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.unocal.com/uclnews/98news/082198.htm" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://www.unocal.com/uclnews/98news/082198.htm" style="color: #880088; font-size: 12.8px; line-height: 19.2px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>natural gas pipeline across Afghanistan</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">As a result of sharply deteriorating political conditions in the region, Unocal, which serves as the development manager for the Central Asia Gas (CentGas) pipeline consortium, has suspended all activities involving the proposed pipeline project in Afghanistan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>From the </strong></span><a href="http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa48119.000/hfa48119_0.HTM" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>1998 Congressional Record</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>. </strong></span><span class="style2"><span style="font-size: small;">Emphasis added to text.</span></span></div>
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U.S. INTERESTS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN<br />REPUBLICS HEARING BEFORE THE<br />SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIA AND THE PACIFIC<br />OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL<br />RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES</div>
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ONE HUNDRED FIFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION<br />FEBRUARY 12, 1998</div>
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Next we would like to hear from Mr. John J. Maresca, vice president of international relations, Unocal Corporation. You may proceed as you wish.</div>
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<b>STATEMENT OF JOHN J. MARESCA, VICE<br />PRESIDENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, UNOCAL CORPORATION</b></div>
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Mr. Maresca. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It's nice to see you again. I am John Maresca, vice president for international relations of the Unocal Corporation. Unocal, as you know, is one of the world's leading energy resource and project development companies. I appreciate your invitation to speak here today. I believe these hearings are important and timely. I congratulate you for focusing on Central Asia oil and gas reserves and the role they play in shaping U.S. policy.</div>
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I would like to focus today on three issues. First, the need for multiple pipeline routes for Central Asian oil and gas resources. Second, the need for U.S. support for international and regional efforts to achieve balanced and lasting political settlements to the conflicts in the region, including <b>Afghanistan</b>. Third, the need for structured assistance to encourage economic reforms and the development of appropriate investment climates in the region. In this regard, we specifically support repeal or removal of <a href="http://www.aaainc.org/907intro.htm" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;">section 907 of the Freedom Support Act.</a></div>
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Mr. Chairman, the Caspian region contains tremendous untapped hydrocarbon reserves. Just to give an idea of the scale, proven natural gas reserves equal more than 236 trillion cubic feet. The region's total oil reserves may well reach more than 60 billion barrels of oil. Some estimates are as high as 200 billion barrels. In 1995, the region was producing only 870,000 barrels per day. By 2010, western companies could increase production to about 4.5 million barrels a day, an increase of more than 500 percent in only 15 years. If this occurs, the region would represent about 5 percent of the world's total oil production.</div>
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One major problem has yet to be resolved: how to get the region's vast energy resources to the markets where they are needed. Central Asia is isolated. Their natural resources are land locked, both geographically and politically. Each of the countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia faces difficult political challenges. Some have unsettled wars or latent conflicts. Others have evolving systems where the laws and even the courts are dynamic and changing. In addition, a chief technical obstacle which we in the industry face in transporting oil is the region's existing pipeline infrastructure.</div>
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Because the region's pipelines were constructed during the Moscow-centered Soviet period, they tend to head north and west toward Russia. There are no connections to the south and east. But Russia is currently unlikely to absorb large new quantities of foreign oil. It's unlikely to be a significant market for new energy in the next decade. It lacks the capacity to deliver it to other markets.</div>
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Two major infrastructure projects are seeking to meet the need for additional export capacity. One, under the aegis of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium, plans to build a pipeline west from the northern Caspian to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. Oil would then go by tanker through the Bosporus to the Mediterranean and world markets.</div>
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The other project is sponsored by the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, a consortium of 11 foreign oil companies, including four American companies, Unocal, Amoco, Exxon and Pennzoil. This consortium conceives of two possible routes, one line would angle north and cross the north Caucasus to Novorossiysk. The other route would cross Georgia to a shipping terminal on the Black Sea. This second route could be extended west and south across Turkey to the Mediterranean port of Ceyhan.</div>
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But even if both pipelines were built, they would not have enough total capacity to transport all the oil expected to flow from the region in the future. Nor would they have the capability to move it to the right markets. Other export pipelines must be built.</div>
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At Unocal, we believe that the central factor in planning these pipelines should be the location of the future energy markets that are most likely to need these new supplies. Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union are all slow growth markets where demand will grow at only a half a percent to perhaps 1.2 percent per year during the period 1995 to 2010.</div>
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Asia is a different story all together. It will have a rapidly increasing energy consumption need. Prior to the recent turbulence in the Asian Pacific economies, we at Unocal anticipated that this region's demand for oil would almost double by 2010. Although the short-term increase in demand will probably not meet these expectations, we stand behind our long-term estimates.</div>
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I should note that it is in everyone's interest that there be adequate supplies for Asia's increasing energy requirements. If Asia's energy needs are not satisfied, they will simply put pressure on all world markets, driving prices upwards everywhere.</div>
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The key question then is how the energy resources of Central Asia can be made available to nearby Asian markets. There are two possible solutions, with several variations. One option is to go east across China, but this would mean constructing a pipeline of more than 3,000 kilometers just to reach Central China. In addition, there would have to be a 2,000-kilometer connection to reach the main population centers along the coast. The question then is what will be the cost of transporting oil through this pipeline, and what would be the netback which the producers would receive.</div>
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For those who are not familiar with the terminology, the netback is the price which the producer receives for his oil or gas at the well head after all the transportation costs have been deducted. So it's the price he receives for the oil he produces at the well head.</div>
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The second option is to build a pipeline south from Central Asia to the Indian Ocean. One obvious route south would cross Iran, but this is foreclosed for American companies because of U.S. sanctions legislation. <b>The only other possible route is across Afghanistan,</b> which has of course its own unique challenges. The country has been involved in bitter warfare for almost two decades, and is still divided by civil war.<b>From the outset, we have made it clear that construction of the pipeline we have proposed across Afghanistan could not begin until a recognized government is in place that has the confidence of governments, lenders, and our company.</b></div>
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Mr. Chairman, as you know, we have worked very closely with the University of Nebraska at Omaha in developing a training program for Afghanistan which will be open to both men and women, and which will operate in both parts of the country, the north and south.</div>
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Unocal foresees a pipeline which would become part of a regional system that will gather oil from existing pipeline infrastructure in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. The 1,040-mile long oil pipeline would extend south through Afghanistan to an export terminal that would be constructed on the Pakistan coast. This 42-inch diameter pipeline will have a shipping capacity of one million barrels of oil per day. The estimated cost of the project, which is similar in scope to the trans-Alaska pipeline, is about $2.5 billion.</div>
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Given the plentiful natural gas supplies of Central Asia, our aim is to link gas resources with the nearest viable markets. This is basic for the commercial viability of any gas project. But these projects also face geopolitical challenges. Unocal and the Turkish company Koc Holding are interested in bringing competitive gas supplies to Turkey. The proposed Eurasia natural gas pipeline would transport gas from Turkmenistan directly across the Caspian Sea through Azerbaijan and Georgia to Turkey. Of course the demarcation of the Caspian remains an issue.</div>
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Last October, the Central Asia Gas Pipeline Consortium, called CentGas, in which Unocal holds an interest, was formed to develop a gas pipeline which will link Turkmenistan's vast Dauletabad gas field with markets in Pakistan and possibly India. The proposed 790-mile pipeline will open up new markets for this gas, traveling from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan to Multan in Pakistan. The proposed extension would move gas on to New Delhi, where it would connect with an existing pipeline. <b>As with the proposed Central Asia oil pipeline, CentGas can not begin construction until an internationally recognized Afghanistan Government is in place</b>.</div>
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The Central Asia and Caspian region is blessed with abundant oil and gas that can enhance the lives of the region's residents, and provide energy for growth in both Europe and Asia. The impact of these resources on U.S. commercial interests and U.S. foreign policy is also significant. Without peaceful settlement of the conflicts in the region, cross-border oil and gas pipelines are not likely to be built. We urge the Administration and the Congress to give strong support to the U.N.-led peace process in Afghanistan. The U.S. Government should use its influence to help find solutions to all of the region's conflicts.</div>
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U.S. assistance in developing these new economies will be crucial to business success. We thus also encourage strong technical assistance programs throughout the region. Specifically, we urge repeal or removal of section 907 of the Freedom Support Act. This section unfairly restricts U.S. Government assistance to the government of Azerbaijan and limits U.S. influence in the region.</div>
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Developing cost-effective export routes for Central Asian resources is a formidable task, but not an impossible one. Unocal and other American companies like it are fully prepared to undertake the job and to make Central Asia once again into the crossroads it has been in the past. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.</div>
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<a href="http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/CK20Ag01.html" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>US Policy On Taliban Influenced By Oil Deal Negotiations</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The two claim that the US government's main objective in Afghanistan was to consolidate the position of the Taliban regime to obtain access to the oil and gas reserves in Central Asia.</span></div>
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<span class="style2"><span style="font-size: small;">They affirm that until August [2001], the US government saw the Taliban regime "as a source of stability in Central Asia that would enable the construction of an oil pipeline across Central Asia" from the rich oilfields in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, through Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the Indian Ocean. Until now, says the book, "the oil and gas reserves of Central Asia have been controlled by Russia. The Bush government wanted to change all that."</span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://whatreallyhappened.com/IMAGES/ENRON_MONEY_TO_TALIBAN.jpg" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;"><img border="1" height="352" src="http://whatreallyhappened.com/IMAGES/enron_taliban.gif" style="border: none;" width="480" /><br /></a></div>
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<span class="style3"><span class="style2"><span style="font-size: small;">But, confronted with Taliban's refusal to accept US conditions, "this rationale of energy security changed into a military one"</span>, <span style="font-size: small;">the authors claim.</span></span></span></div>
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<span class="style2">"At one moment during the negotiations, the US representatives told the Taliban, '<b>either you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs</b>,'"<span style="font-size: small;"> Brisard said in an interview in Paris.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #880088; font-size: medium; text-decoration: none;"><b><a href="http://whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/preplanned.html" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The US government informed other nations of it's plan<br />to invade Afghanistan months before the 9/11 attacks</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #880088; font-size: medium; text-decoration: none;"><b><a href="http://whatreallyhappened.com/ARCHIVE/qf911.html" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">9 September 2001: Bush given Afghanistan invasion plan</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #880088; font-size: medium; text-decoration: none;"><strong><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/10/07/ret.attack.bush/" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">7 October 2001: Bush announces opening of Afghanistan attacks</a></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2042040.stm" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>13 June 2002: Hamid Karzai Elected as New Afghan Leader</b></span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>(</b><a href="http://www.rense.com/general18/ine.htm" style="color: #880088; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><b>Former Unocal Consultant</b></a><b>)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">by Mike Rivero of WhatReallyHappened.com</span></div>
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